How does roundup affect plants

However, a committee of scientists working for the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the WHO evaluated fewer studies and reported that glyphosate is probably carcinogenic. Long-term feeding studies in animals were assessed by the U. Based on these evaluations, they found there is no evidence glyphosate is toxic to the nervous or immune systems.

They also found it is not a developmental or reproductive toxin. As required by the Food Quality Protection Act, the EPA has determined that children are not more sensitive to glyphosate as compared to the general population.

Glyphosate binds tightly to soil. It can persist in soil for up to 6 months depending on the climate and the type of soil it is in. Glyphosate is broken down by bacteria in the soil. Glyphosate is not likely to get into groundwater because it binds tightly to soil.

In one study, half the glyphosate in dead leaves broke down in 8 or 9 days. Another study found that some glyphosate was taken up by carrots and lettuce after the soil was treated with it. Pure glyphosate is low in toxicity to fish and wildlife, but some products containing glyphosate may be toxic because of the other ingredients in them. Glyphosate may affect fish and wildlife indirectly because killing the plants alters the animals' habitat.

For more detailed information about glyphosate please visit the list of referenced resources or call the National Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, between am - pm Pacific Time am - pm Eastern Time at or visit us on the web at npic. NPIC provides objective, science-based answers to questions about pesticides. Please cite as: Henderson, A. NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly asked by the general public about pesticides that are regulated by the U.

Environmental Protection Agency U. This document is intended to be educational in nature and helpful to consumers for making decisions about pesticide use.

NPIC provides objective, science-based information about pesticides and pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed decisions. Environmental Protection Agency cooperative agreement X The information in this publication does not in any way replace or supersede the restrictions, precautions, directions, or other information on the pesticide label or any other regulatory requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the U. Glyphosate General Fact Sheet. On the other hand, Bellaloui et al.

However, these authors reported decreased nitrate assimilation, probably due to glyphosate-induced effects on C metabolism. The loss of energy and fixed N 2 provided by B. It was reported that the effect of glyphosate on symbiotic N 2 fixation was due to inhibition of photosynthesis and C substrate availability Zablotowicz and Reddy, Kremer and Means reported that glyphosate can affect rhizospheric interactions between plants and microorganisms, for example interfering in the balance of plant indoleacetic acid IAA , which leads to lower root nodulation.

Moreover, the reduction of nutrient accumulation in plants exposed to glyphosate can also affect symbiotic N 2 fixation Zobiole et al. Zobiole et al. In addition, glyphosate may interfere with the availability of other minerals which are metal cofactors required for the activity of many enzymes involved in the N 2 -fixation process Zobiole et al. These results suggest that even if AMPA is being translocated to nodules, it does not appear toxic to the symbionts involved in fixation.

The effect of glyphosate on plant mineral nutrition has not yet been extensively studied Zobiole et al. Moreover, results published concerning GR crops are contradictory. Some studies did not report any effect Bailey et al. Studying the effects of one or two glyphosate applications at the recommended rate of 0. Hence, glyphosate did not appear to influence mineral nutrition of GR soybean while being used for weed management in the field.

Accordingly, Rosolem et al. However, the glyphosate molecule was first patented as a metal chelator Bromilow et al. According to Cakmak et al. Moreover, the effects of glyphosate on the mineral content of GR crops were associated with the greater susceptibility of these crops to plant diseases Johal and Huber, ; Kremer and Means, The accumulation of glyphosate in plant tissues may, in association with its chelating property, reduce the free activity of cationic mineral nutrient, leading to their deficiency in cells Cakmak et al.

Glyphosate is easily bound to divalent cations by its carboxyl and phosphonate groups, forming insoluble or very stable complexes, leading to immobilization of several divalent cations in plant tissues Bellaloui et al. Significant decreases in all macro- and micronutrient contents have been observed in GR-soybean plants exposed to glyphosate Zobiole et al. According to the aforementioned authors, these plants were rendered less efficient in nutrient uptake and translocation and suffered from potential chelating effects of glyphosate.

The decreased mineral concentrations in glyphosate-exposed soybean leaves Zobiole et al. Moreover, reduced nutrient uptake and accumulation may be related to glyphosate reducing root growth Zobiole et al.

According to Zobiole et al. Moreover, the negative effects of glyphosate on plant mineral nutrition varied depending on their growth stages, with younger plants being more sensitive than plants receiving glyphosate at a later growth stage Zobiole et al. This yellow flashing, occurring shortly after glyphosate application, was also proposed to be attributed to AMPA toxic effects and not to mineral deficiencies Duke et al. In a short-term uptake study using radiolabelled elements, Eker et al.

Studying the mineral nutrition of some turf-grass species, Senen Su et al. Although research in this field is still limited, it is important to know that glyphosate interactions with plant mineral nutrition could amplify the toxicity of glyphosate for GS plants and lead to some glyphosate toxicity in GR plants by interfering with mineral nutrient availability Senem Su et al. Along with the inhibition of specific target sites, glyphosate action also leads to oxidative stress in plants, which is most probably a secondary effect of the blocked shikimate pathway Ahsan et al.

Plants have developed mechanisms to cope with oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species ROS accumulation by synthesizing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants Gunes et al. Among enzymatic systems, activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes and content of malondialdehyde MDA , a product of membrane lipid peroxidation, are frequently used as indicators of oxidative stress in plants Gunes et al. Although changes in these oxidative stress markers were reported under various stress conditions, little information is currently available concerning the effects of glyphosate on oxidative stress.

Maize leaves exposed to glyphosate showed an increased level of lipid peroxidation, glutatione GSH , free proline content, and ion flux Sergiev et al. In a gene expression analysis, Ahsan et al.

Moreover, these authors also observed a decrease of the Rubisco large subunit content and an increase in the accumulation of antioxidant enzymes, including ascorbate peroxidase APX , glutathione- S -transferase GST , thioredox h-type, nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 NDPK1 , peroxiredoxin, and the chloroplast precursor of superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD within leaves treated with glyphosate.

However, there was a significant increase in the levels of soluble amino acids in roots and leaves, which was greater in GS- than in GR-soybean cultivars. Soluble amino acids have antioxidant action Samaranayaka and Li-Chan, , which may prevent lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the oxidative stress generated by glyphosate in these plants was noted by the modulation in CAT and guaiacol peroxidase GPX activities. Studying the phytotoxicity of glyphosate in duckweed Lemna minor , Kielak et al.

Duckweed tissues treated with glyphosate also showed higher CAT and APX activities, demonstrating that oxidative stress can be induced by glyphosate.

Oxidative stress in P. Moreover, glyphosate application on both leaves and roots of pea plants resulted in the activation of GSH reductase and enhancement of the GST activities which, in addition to the increase in both total and oxidized GSH contents, highlight the oxidative stress induced by glyphosate in these plant tissues Miteva et al.

Studying herbicidal effects on Arabidopsis thaliana plants, Serra et al. Inositol and ascorbate are oxidative-stress markers and their increased content is related to increased oxidative stress in plants Foyer and Noctor, In addition, serine as a cysteine precursor is involved in glutathione metabolism Foyer and Noctor, , and its accumulation could also be an indicator of oxidative stress. Interestingly, A. While ascorbate and inositol contents did not statistically differ from control plants, the serine content was decreased, due to decreased glycine content as these two amino acid are intrinsically linked to metabolic pathways Serra et al.

The oxidative damage due to glyphosate exposure could be associated with glyphosate effects on plant nutrition. For instance, metal deficiency could increase oxidative stress in plants because redox-active metals such as Cu are known to perform antioxidative protection in plant cells Cuypers et al.

Moreover, metal deficiency such as Zn and Fe could impair activities of antioxidant enzyme systems Fig. On the other hand, AMPA may not induce oxidative damage since this glyphosate by-product has not been proven to induce nutritional disturbance as glyphosate does. However, no study has confirmed this hypothesis. Apart from acting as hazardous molecules in the oxidative burst, ROS can also act in plant signalling and are involved in several plant physiological processes.

Specifically, ROS are intrinsically related to plant hormone action, thus it is important to study glyphosate-induced oxidative events as they can directly interfere with plant growth and development. The main effect of glyphosate is due to the inhibition of aromatic amino acid Trp, tryptophan; Phe, phenylalanine; Tyr, tyrosine production by inhibiting EPSPS.

Glyphosate can affect photosynthesis by depriving Tyr content and chelating metal ions important to photosystem PS structure and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The lignification of cellulose microfibrils has been described as an adaptive mechanism that helps to maintain plant stability and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses Gomes et al. Lignin production is controlled by phenylalanine, a key product of the shikimate pathway Zobiole et al. Indeed, even GR-soybean plants treated with glyphosate have been shown to produce less lignin when compared to non-treated plants Zobiole et al.

According to Marchiosi et al. Depriving plants of suitable lignin content may make them vulnerable to diseases as well as to nutrition and water-balance disturbances. The role of lignin in plant—pathogen defence has been widely discussed and the lignin deposition in root cortical cell walls is recognized to help maintain root turgescence Gomes et al. Despite its importance, however, studies of glyphosate affecting lignin content in plants remain scarce. Glyphosate and AMPA accumulation in active metabolic tissues i.

Thus, glyphosate-exposed plants could have both growth and development affected. Auxin is a critical hormone related to plant growth and developmental processes. Indoleacetic acid IAA , the key auxin, is synthesized from tryptophan and indolic tryptophan precursor products from the shikimic acid pathway. Therefore, by inhibiting the shikimate pathway, glyphosate may prevent auxin biosynthesis. Evaluating the gene expression of the apical bud in soybean, Jiang et al. The results indicated that the effects of glyphosate on these genes may perturb cell enlargement and plant growth Jiang et al.

Moreover, by interfering in the balance of IAA, glyphosate can affect rhizospheric interactions between plants and microorganisms, leading, for example, to lower root nodulation Kremer and Means, Sublethal doses of glyphosate were also shown to reduce the velocity of indolacetic acid IAA basipetal transport in cotton Gossypium hirsutum seedlings Baur, Application of 1.

This IAA accumulation was related to glyphosate inhibition of auxin transport Yasuor et al. Pretreatment of tobacco Nicotiana tabacum callus with glyphosate and AMPA perturbed IAA metabolism by increasing both conjugation and oxidation, and consequently lowered the level of free IAA leading to growth inhibition Lee et al.

Sergiev et al. These results indicate that glyphosate can also affect Cyt metabolism in plants. Similarly, application of gibberellic acid GA 3 to GR cotton has some remedial effects on pollen viability, which can also indicate glyphosate effects in GA metabolism Pline et al.

In higher plants, in addition to participating in the biosynthesis of lignins, fatty acids, flavonoids, etc. Glyphosate inhibition of P activity was seen in yeast Xiang et al. Glyphosate was also shown to interfere with other hormones such as ethylene Lee and Dumas, and abscisic acid ABA Jiang et al.

Although extremely important, the effects of glyphosate and AMPA in plant hormone metabolism are still unclear, and little attention has been given to the effects of AMPA in plant hormone metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. Herbicides are known to increase specific plant diseases Hornby et al.

Due to its interaction with rhizosphere microorganisms and plant physiological features, glyphosate is also expected to modulate diseases in plants. Glyphosate effects on plants diseases were extensively reviewed Johal and Huber, ; Duke et al.

Due to the induction of mineral nutrient disturbances, glyphosate can greatly affect plant growth and resistance to diseases and pests Johal and Huber, Moreover, increase in root infection may be due to the shutdown of plant protection compound production, such as phytoalexins Kremer et al.

Studying GR-soybean plants, Kremer reported that fungal colonization of their roots increased significantly after application of glyphosate but not when conventional post-emergence herbicides were applied. Gressel argued that transgenic EPSPS of GR soybean could be less efficient than the wild-type genotype and might produce insufficient phytoalexins to prevent fungal infection.

However, in the sole study on phytoalexin production in GR soybeans, Duke et al. Thus, the susceptibility of GR plants to pathogenic infection should not be associated with decreased phytoalexin content due to ineffective EPSPS but to overall changes in plant physiology which could reduce plant resilience.

Descalzo et al. This population increase was not observed in control treatments without glyphosate. Similarly, Smiley observed a relationship between glyphosate application and plant diseases in a Rhizoctonia -infected soil. As the interval between glyphosate application and planting spring barley was shortened, severity of Rhizoctonia root rot increased. Thus, glyphosate treatment can induce a massive release of organic compounds from dying roots of target plants which can induce proliferation of a wide range of soil-pathogenic fungi.

GR soybeans can also release glyphosate into the rhizosphere which could influence the microbial community, enhancing communities of microorganisms pathogenic to GR soybean and causing a buildup of detrimental species that may affect subsequent crops Kremer et al. Indeed, glyphosate can be used as a nutrient source by specific fungal species. Moreover, Kremer et al. Together, both glyphosate and high levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids associated with glyphosate treatment of the soybean plants may provide a selective C and N source that stimulates growth of selected rhizospheric fungi.

Glyphosate effects on photosynthesis and oxidative stress may also be linked to glyphosate increasing plant susceptibility to diseases. Modulations of the system coordinating ROS content may lead to loss of ROS-beneficial functions, thereby causing oxidative stress and subsequent effects, and favouring pathogenic infections.

Until , the natural development of weed tolerance or resistance to glyphosate was a topic virtually absent from the literature Holt et al. However, glyphosate-tolerant weed populations have now increased substantially, as reported by the International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds www. The morphological or physiological reasons for such wide genetic variation in resistance to glyphosate are not well understood Senem Su et al.

Sequestration of glyphosate into vacuoles Ge et al. Mechanisms involving plant metabolism of glyphosate have not been found to contribute to resistance of any weeds Feng et al. This enzyme may be related in part to the observed natural tolerance of some species. Studying the weed species Digitaria insularis , de Carvalho et al.

In resistant biotypes, the substitution of a proline with threonine and of a tyrosine with a cysteine at positions and of the EPSPS, respectively, were observed.

Therefore, the authors concluded that absorption, translocation, metabolism, and gene mutation play an important role in D. Studying GR Amaranthus palmeri populations, Gaines et al.

Both resistant and susceptible A. Mineral nutrition could also lead to glyphosate resistance, as plants showing high concentrations of some cationic nutrients may significantly reduce glyphosate phytotoxic effects through formation of poorly soluble glyphosate complexes Senem Su et al. Moreover, the horizontal transference of GOX or C-P lyase genes from soil microbes to plants may also be possible Duke, Glyphosate-tolerant weed populations have increased vertiginously, as reported by the International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds www.

Consequently, further studies in relation to glyphosate resistance are needed as the population of glyphosate-tolerant weeds has considerably increased. It is generally claimed that glyphosate kills undesired plants by affecting the EPSPS synthase enzyme, disturbing the synthesis of aromatic amino acids.

However, glyphosate has several secondary or indirect effects on plant physiology which may also explain its herbicidal effects.

The alteration of these cellular processes could be directly linked to the deleterious effects of glyphosate observed on plant growth and production. As a metal chelator, glyphosate could deprive plants from important nutrients which have important roles as enzymatic co-factors, biomolecular constituents, and anti-oxidative systems. Oxidative stress, more specifically lipid peroxidation, induced by glyphosate, is known to severely damage the cell integrity which may lead to cell death.

Moreover, increased ROS production can negatively interfere with photosynthetic processes, for example by decreasing the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, and C metabolism, leading to reduction in plant growth. It is also important to note that some plants can metabolize glyphosate to AMPA or be exposed to AMPA via different environmental matrices, which could amplify glyphosate effects on plant physiology. AMPA by itself has been considered phytotoxic, although not to the same extent as glyphosate.

However, some studies showed rapid recovery of plant chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity after AMPA exposure Ding et al.

Therefore, further studies of AMPA effects on plant physiology are clearly needed. These studies will provide evidence for the development of more-efficient GR plants. Since some GR plants are able to degrade glyphosate to AMPA, it is important to study whether this metabolite is responsible for the observed deleterious effects found in some plants treated with glyphosate or if these symptoms are related to the indirect effects of glyphosate on plant physiology. MPG received a Ph. Glyphosate-induced oxidative stress in rice leaves revealed by proteomic approach.

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This study was partly funded by the Academy of Finland Project Number We thank Ruissalo Botanical Garden for permitting the experiment in their premises, Anna Pauna and Laura Nikkinen for help in the field and laboratory, and Marianne Lehtonen for analyzing the extracted N samples. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Hag and J. Hel and I. Hel, I. Correspondence to Marleena Hagner.

Reprints and Permissions. Hagner, M. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on soil animal trophic groups and associated ecosystem functioning in a northern agricultural field. Sci Rep 9, Download citation. Received : 28 September Accepted : 29 May Published : 12 June