Who is champa

The Cham are one of the few ethnic minorities in Indochina to have developed their own writing system, based on Sanskrit. Very few Cham can still read and write their native language, and the spoken language is at risk of eradication too, because government policy requires the use of Vietnamese in schools, commerce, and public activities.

Cham living conditions are generally inferior to those in ethnic Vietnamese Kinh villages. Mud houses with crumbling walls are common, and most Cham don't have running water, let alone refrigeration. Electricity is intermittent. The Vietnamese government no longer allows Cham dead to lie in state in family homes for several weeks before burial. Some Cham practice "second burial," which involves exhuming the remains on the anniversary of a person's death and holding a feast for friends, family, and neighbors with prayers, loud music, and religious rites.

Given how clear and long-standing the evidence of Cham influence over the South China Sea is, why doesn't Vietnam now use the authority of Champa history to bolster its territorial claims in the region? Relations between the Hanoi government and ethnic minorities are sensitive. In and massive human rights protests by hill tribes resulted in deaths and mass imprisonments.

For some time after that, the Central Highlands were sealed off to foreigners. Sporadic protests and riots on a smaller scale still occur, and accusations of human rights violations by the government are common in minority areas. Although they're full Vietnamese citizens, the Cham are nonetheless a conquered people. If they themselves raise the issue of Champa's historical sovereignty over the South China Sea, which in turn would raise questions about their lost autonomy in their ancestral land, this could upset the Vietnamese government.

Adam Bray has contributed to nearly 40 books on travel in Southeast Asia. He is a former resident of Phan Thiet, Vietnam, where he studied Cham culture and history and learned to read and write modern Cham. He has located and explored many undocumented Cham ruins. All rights reserved. Share Tweet Email. Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants.

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Environment As the EU targets emissions cuts, this country has a coal problem. Champa attacks Beerus with his God of Destruction's Menace technique which chases Beerus to a planet inhabited by a tribe of bird-like people.

Beerus manages to deflect the blasts and dodges a kick from Champa which destroys the planet, killing its bird-like inhabitants. The two continue to fight throughout the universe, destroying multiple planets. Champa and Beerus are eventually stopped by their attendants for nearly destroying a universe. Champa and Beerus then make a compromise and agree to have food showdowns rather than fights.

For decades, Champa has been looking for the Super Dragon Balls. In all of his searches, he was able to find six of the Super Dragon Balls. But when Beerus hid and fell asleep for fifty years during the tournament, it had to be canceled. He and the gods had to calm Zeno down, who was furious.

Since then Champa and the other Gods of Destruction had felt disdain towards Beerus. Main article: God of Destruction Beerus Saga. In the manga, Champa, and Vados are in Universe 7 and they sense Beerus and notices he is awake.

They also notice that Beerus is in a battle and want to stay unnoticed by him. Champa and Vados start heading towards an unknown place and senses Beerus and Whis going to another planet.

Champa is destroying planets in his brother's universe and is collecting mysterious orbs. However, they notice they are being watched by Old Kai and Kibito Kai , who spot them through a crystal ball. Instantly arriving on the Sacred World of the Kai , Champa is irritated that his conversation was being listened to and asks the Kais what they heard. Even though they deny hearing anything, Champa still finds them suspicious and leaves. As he is heading to look for more of the large Dragon Balls, Champa encounters the ship of Guarana - the Frieza Force 's second strongest - the soldiers on board detect the large Dragon Ball and attempt to report back to HQ, but Champa destroys their ship.

He and Vados then prepare to head home, but not before finding a souvenir for Beerus. This also made him indirectly responsible for the revival of Frieza and the events thereafter , as Guarana's last transmission, as well as his destruction, caused Sorbet and Tagoma to decide to try and locate the Earth Dragon Balls to revive Frieza in a last-ditch effort to restore the Frieza Force. Main article: Golden Frieza Saga. Champa and Vados are in Universe 7 searching for a specific planet.

Champa demands Vados to destroy the planet, but Vados wants Champa to do so. Champa gets angry, so Vados does it. The planet they had just destroyed is not the one they were looking for, so they continue their search for the planet. Main article: Universe 6 Saga. Champa visits Beerus' Planet and wonders who Goku and Vegeta are, thinking they are new students. Champa tells Whis to wake up Beerus for a duel of foods.

Champa and Beerus exchange foods and wonders where Beerus got his delectable from and was told that he received it from Earth. Champa tries to remember if his universe had an Earth but asks Vados to search for it, in which she did. Vados explains to everyone that their universe has an Earth but the Earthlings are extinct due to a war. Champa then challenges Beerus in a Universe 6 and Universe 7 invitational tournament of five warriors from their universes and the winner has the seventh universe's Earth.

However, if Beerus wins, Champa says he will give Beerus the balls but the last one is for him to find. The rules for the tournament were settled between them: the rules are the same as the World Martial Arts Tournament , the tournament will begin in one week of the 8th Solar Calendar five Earth days. As Champa and Vados are leaving the planet, he thinks that Goku and Vegeta are just pushovers.

Champa goes and uses a planet called, the Nameless Planet to create the arena for the tournament. Champa gets asked about his decision for picking his fighters by Vados. Champa recognizes that Vegeta and Goku are Saiyans and that he should get Saiyans himself. Champa later selects his warriors for his team.

The day of the tournament, Champa is waiting for the arrival of Beerus and his group. As they arrive, Champa greets them and is pleased that they showed up.

Beerus speaks to Champa about the Super Dragon Balls. Champa claims that Beerus knew of the Super Dragon Balls, so Beerus lets it slide because they're brothers.

The written exam, requested by Vegeta, is beginning. Majin Buu is the only one to fail, so that leaves the tournament five on four in favor of Champa's team.

Champa watches the first bout between Botamo and Goku, who Vados recognizes from being on Beerus' planet. Champa says he underestimated Goku's power but says that Botamo has something for Goku. When the battle ends between Botamo and Goku, Champa protests that Goku throwing Botamo out of the ring was cheating and that the round is reevaluated, but he was immediately turned down, as it was completely fair by the rules, and sits back down with a frustrated attitude.

The next battle between Frost and Goku begins. As Champa watches the battle between Frost and Goku, he shows relative surprise to Frost's transformations. He asks Vados how she convinced Frost to join the tournament, and she replies by saying that if he won, Champa would support Frost in his goals, to which Champa was generally surprised with but ignored it and continued watching the match.

When Goku lost after Frost used his Poison Needles, Champa is seen standing up and smiling with delight. When the battle between Piccolo and Frost begins, Champa sits and watch. While the battle goes on, Champa protests to the referee that Piccolo has been running around and not fighting Frost and that he should be disqualified, but Beerus lies and tells him that a referee has even higher power than a god in this tournament, and Champa simply sits back down again in frustration.

When Frost disabled Piccolo with his poison needles once again and causes Piccolo's Special Beam Cannon to miss and shoot up in the air, Champa is seen smug and smiling with glee.

When Jaco believes that Frost had some sort of weapon, he asks the referee to check Frost's body, and Champa immediately objects and yells those are useless accusations. Champa then reluctantly agrees, but if there is nothing, he will destroy Jaco.

When the poison needles are revealed, Champa, along with Cabba, are shocked with the revelation, and both are even more surprised when Vados reveals that Frost is actually an underhanded space pirate who buys war-torn planets for a cheap price and then rebuilds them and sells them for a much higher price.

Champa then gets upset at Vados for bringing such a malevolent person into the tournament, but Vados replies that Champa never asked to consider character, but rather to bring people who could simply win. Champa then prepares to destroy Frost for humiliating him with such a shameful act, but then Vegeta offers to fight Frost. At first, Champa objects, saying he wants to destroy Frost for humiliating him, but then Vados intervenes, saying that there would be a huge advantage for him, with Frost still being allowed to fight, and Piccolo being out of the tournament, and reminding Champa how upsetting it would be for him to lose to Beerus.

Champa understands and tells Frost that if he wins, he will help him with all of his goals. During the fight of Hit against Goku, Champa told Hit to finish off Goku since his Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken won't last much longer, Cabba told Champa that it would ruin Hit's pride, but Champa angrily tells him that it is a match between him and Beerus and that they are only pawns in the tournament which made Goku and Hit stare at him with a cold look, surprising him.

Vegeta and Goku ask the Supreme Kais for help. Will their combined strength prevail over such a significant threat? Is this the chance for Future Trunks to get his revenge? Merged Zamasu's ashes rises a universe encompassing darkness. Out of energy and out of options, Goku needs some help, and fast! Bulma tries to secretly build a time machine despite Beerus' disapproval.

During an invention award show, a robot girl crashes the party. Tricked by Dr. Mashirito, she has an urge to play and won't let Saiyans get in her way! How can Goku and Vegeta defeat an opponent who ignores the laws of physics?! Champa really wants delicious Earth food, and what better way to convince Beerus to let him visit than with a friendly game of baseball?

But when the thrill of competition heats up, "friendly" could turn to deadly! Goku is convinced someone is trying to kill him, and he's ready to fight for his life.

However, can Goku withstand an assassination attempt from the brutally efficient Hit? After cleverly saving himself from an instant death, Goku is itching to find out the nature of Hit's abilities.

Will Goku's deductions prevent his untimely destruction? Gohan accepts an opportunity to be a stunt double in the Great Saiyaman movie. But keeping his identity as the real Great Saiyaman a secret will be difficult when there's a parasitic alien floating around town! Barry, the self-absorbed actor, tries to undermine Gohan's reputation! But when the parasite chooses Barry as its host, it's not just Gohan who's in trouble.

With the main actor under alien control, can Gohan save the city and the movie? Everyone is too busy to spar with Goku, so he seeks out Krillin for old times' sake. Disappointed in his current combat ability, Krillin decides that he's in dire need of retraining. Upon entering a strange cave, Krillin and Goku are confronted by enemies from their past. Can Krillin find the courage to defeat them, or is history destined to repeat itself?

The Tournament of Power has been on the back burner for a while. Bored of day-to-day work and tired of waiting, Goku convinces Zeno to get the ball rolling! It's official, the Tournament of Power is announced. There's just one problem: the losers of the tournament will have their universes erased!

To introduce his future self to the joys of martial arts, Zeno calls for an exhibition match. First round of the exhibition match is Basil versus Buu! With no energy signatures to hint at their power levels, the 9th Universe's warriors could be much more powerful than they seem.

But that won't distract Buu from his playtime. Gohan is up next. Out of practice and lacking knowledge of his opponent's tactics, he'll have to learn as he goes. But soon after the round begins, Gohan is forced to fight blind in more ways than one. The 9th Universe's third combatant tries to talk Zeno out of erasing losing universes.

Zeno agrees on one condition: the 9th Universe must win the exhibition match. If Goku throws the fight, all universes will suffer the consequences! Insulted by Goku's nonchalance regarding the Tournament of Power, a warrior from the 11th Universe challenges Goku to a battle for justice! Time to choose a roster for the Tournament of Power, but finding ten of the strongest fighters in the universe is no easy task!

Meanwhile, Vegeta and Bulma's child is close to being born. Krillin must prove himself to both Gohan and Goku if he wants to enter the Tournament of Power. With martial arts tournament rules in play, Krillin's strength isn't solely based on his power level! Goku tries to find Android In the meantime, the tournament stress is affecting the gods of each universe, causing them to bicker among themselves.

Android 17 has been busy. Not only has he started a family, but he's been training as well. Will Goku see him as a worthwhile member of the team? And is he even interested in joining? When intergalactic poachers threaten Android 17's island, it's up to Goku to help him save the animals. Piccolo tries to retrain Gohan. But Gohan will have to draw from past experiences if he wants to reach his full potential. Goku finds the last two members for the Tournament of Power.

But someone from Tien's past interferes with the recruitment process. There's time for a sparring match before the tournament.

It's an all-out fight between two Saiyans! The Zenos can hardly contain their excitement for the tournament to come. The participating universes are recruiting at different rates, so hopefully they can gather enough warriors before the deadline!

Buu is stuck in a hibernation-like sleep! The 7th Universe is desperate for a tenth member, so Goku seeks out Frieza as a potential candidate. In the 6th Universe, Cabba and Caulifla try to goad Kale into training with them. Goku meets with Fortuneteller Baba to resurrect Frieza. Will attempts on Frieza's new life delay their return to the group?! With disqualification on the table, time is running out! Ambushed and outnumbered, Frieza shows his strength.

Can he be trusted, or will his psychopathic tendencies get the best of him? The stage is set and the teams are ready. The universes finally gather in the World of the Void for the Tournament of Power! Let the battle begin! With so many competitors on one stage, teamwork is in short supply. Going off alone could mean the elimination of some powerful warriors! Goku finds himself facing most of Universe 9's warriors by himself. But when Vegeta interjects, suddenly the playing field seems a lot more level!

The erasure of Universe 9 serves as a grim reminder that existence itself is at risk. When the dust settles, Krillin and No. Following Universe 7's first loss, the fighting stage is starting to clear out. But Goku and Caulifla's dueling triggers a frenzied rage that will permanently alter the arena. Three Saiyans are cut off from their teams, so the Pride Troopers attack! As the Tournament of Power progresses, teamwork is proving to be a threateningly powerful tactic. Brianne and her companions from Universe 2 reveal their more powerful forms.

It's time to see what they're made of! Has No. Angered by the loss of their teammate but in no position to fight, the remaining warriors from Universe 2 retreat and regroup. Gohan and Piccolo face off against the last two fighters from Universe Universe 6's Hit and Universe 11's Dyspo clash at breakneck speed. Even Hit's Time Skip is too slow to be effective against Dyspo! But when a second Pride Trooper intervenes on his teammate's behalf, Goku arrives to tip the scales.

Universe 4 has it out for Master Roshi! Against multiple opponents, how will technique fare against power? A deceptive enemy strikes from afar. It's up to the warriors of Universe 7 to eliminate these dangerously precise foes! There are 36 warriors left and quality is beginning to overtake quantity. Since most of Universe 7's fighters remain, Universe 4's Frost is ready to pick a fight with them. While Goku is busy fighting Ribrienne, Gohan faces a fighter from Universe 2, and Frieza's loyalty to Universe 7 comes into question.

What could Frieza possibly be planning? Jiren finally confronts Goku, and so begins a spectacle that will affect everyone on the battlefield! An awesome flash of light marks the end of Goku and Jiren's clash. When the dust settles, what kind of power will rise from the ashes? With Goku out of the fight, Hit takes this opportunity to rid the field of its biggest threat. Maybe the key to Jiren's downfall is time itself!

After their tough loss, it's up to the three Saiyans of the 6th Universe to press onward. But with only half the time left and opportunistic fights cropping up across the arena, Cabba is on his last leg. Goku is still recovering from his previous fight, but Caulifla has ambitions that only Goku can help her achieve.

The two fighters quickly gain power in this Saiyan vs. Saiyan blitz! Kale goes berserk in her and Caulifla's fight with Goku. Power levels continue to grow in a duel that will push both parties to the limit!

Goku and Kefla take center stage as fighting continues among the other universes. How will Goku's stamina hold up against the multiplied strength of two fused Saiyans?! Goku and Kefla's battle comes to a head! With Goku's Ultra Instinct kicking in, Kefla must risk it all if she has any hope of defeating her opponent! Who will come out on top?! With most of Goku's stamina spent, fighters from the other universes rush to knock him out of the tournament.

The 2nd Universe's warriors of love are out for blood, and it's up to the androids of the 7th Universe to stop them! On the verge of annihilation and with only a few warriors left, the 2nd and 6th Universes are reinvigorated.

Desire to win will push their fighters to new heights! As more and more universes drop out of existence, most of the remaining combatants are either strong or deceptive. The warriors from the 7th Universe are taken by surprise by hidden threats that are finally making themselves known!

There are three universes left! The 3rd Universe's strategy has worked well thus far, but how will it fare against Gohan, Goku, and Vegeta?! The 3rd Universe activates its secret final weapon! The 7th Universe will need to combine all their strength if they hope to defeat this quadruple-fused foe!